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1. [1] American Bar Association, 2000 Model Procurement Code for State and Local GovernmentsPublic notice a reasonable time before the opening; bids opened publicly; award to the lowest responsive and responsible bidder; any or all bids may be rejected; protest within [14] days and the stay; cooperative purchasing through full and open competition
2. [2] Texas Local Government Code sections 252.021, 252.041 and 252.043 (as amended effective September 1, 2025)City contracts above $100,000 bid competitively; notice once a week for two consecutive weeks, the first before the 14th day before the bids are publicly opened and read aloud
3. [3] Texas Local Government Code section 262.023County purchases above $100,000 bid competitively
4. [4] Texas Local Government Code section 271.102A purchase through a cooperative purchasing program satisfies a law requiring competitive bids
5. [5] Texas Government Code section 551.043 (Open Meetings Act)Notice of a meeting posted at least three business days before it
6. [6] Texas Government Code section 2254.003 (Professional Services Procurement Act)Professional services selected on demonstrated competence and qualifications, not on competitive bids
7. [7] Code of Virginia section 2.2-4302.1Public notice at least 10 days before bids are due; bids may also be solicited directly from potential contractors, including certified businesses
8. [8] Code of Virginia section 2.2-4318Negotiation with the apparent low bidder when its bid exceeds available funds, under procedures written before the Invitation to Bid
9. [9] Florida Statutes section 120.57(3)Notice of protest within 72 hours of the posted decision; the agency stops the solicitation or award until the protest is resolved
10. [10] Florida Statutes section 119.071(1)(b)Sealed bids exempt from public records until the notice of an intended decision or 30 days after opening
11. [11] 2 CFR 200.317 and 200.320, procurement under federal awards (Cornell LII, current eCFR text)Local governments follow 200.318 to 200.327; sealed bids publicly advertised and opened publicly, solicited from an adequate number of qualified sources
12. [12] 2 CFR 200.321 (Cornell LII, current eCFR text)Small, minority and women's businesses included on solicitation lists and solicited when eligible
13. [13] Miami-Dade County Code section 2-11.1(t), as compiled by the Commission on Ethics and Public Trust (July 2021)A cone of silence on each RFP, RFQ and bid from its advertisement until the written recommendation
14. [14] Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Centralized Master Bidders ListState bid mailing lists built from vendor registrations
15. [15] Texas Department of Transportation, Bid Tabulations (Texas Open Data Portal, retrieved October 5, 2026)Median low bid against the sealed estimate by number of bidders, maintenance contracts let September 2024 to October 2026, computed by Zinit
16. [16] State of Delaware, Government Support Services, Proposals Received By Contract (Delaware Open Data, retrieved October 5, 2026)Bids received on 153 statewide solicitations, fiscal years 2023 to 2027, and the fiscal 2026 janitorial solicitation, counted by Zinit
17. [17] New York City Mayor's Office of Contract Services, Bid Tabulations (Historical) (NYC Open Data, retrieved October 5, 2026)Bidders on 945 citywide sealed bids opened January 2016 to March 2021, counted by Zinit
18. [18] Office of the New York City Comptroller, Annual Summary Contracts Report, Fiscal Year 202572.64% of fiscal 2025 contracts registered after their start date, down from 80.65% in fiscal 2024
19. [19] DeKalb County, Georgia, Office of Independent Internal Audit, Audit of Emergency Procurements, Report No. IA-2024-0243-PC (April 2026)$47,156,200 of emergency purchases (4 of 8 reviewed) for foreseeable needs, including failure to renew expiring contracts; urgency self-created
20. [20] City of San Diego, Office of the City Auditor, Performance Audit of Selected Contracts, OCA-16-016 (2016)Contracts allowed to lapse and renewed as if they had never expired; more than nine months without a contract on one landscape agreement
21. [21] City of San Diego, Office of the City Auditor, Small Local Business Enterprise Program audit, OCA-21-005A bid that misses the subcontracting goal without an accepted good-faith effort is nonresponsive
22. [22] Federal Highway Administration, National Review of State Cost Estimation Practice (February 2015)Recommends rejecting non-competitive bids and re-advertising to increase potential responsible bidders
23. [23] US Census Bureau, Government Organization Summary Report: 202591,438 local governments in 2025: 3,031 counties, 19,489 municipalities and 40,199 special districts among them
24. [24] US Bureau of Labor Statistics, producer price index for janitorial services (PCU561720561720)178.178 in August 2025 and 188.158 in August 2026 (preliminary)
25. [25] NASPO ValuePoint Master Agreement terms and conditions, section 5.2.1, as published by the Washington State Department of Enterprise Services (August 2024)The contractor pays NASPO ValuePoint an administrative fee of 0.25% of sales
26. [26] The Local Government Purchasing Cooperative (BuyBoard), Proposal Invitation No. 834-27A 2% service fee per purchase order, included in the awarded pricing